Tun daga farkon wannan shekarar, farashin jigilar kaya a cikin kwantena na duniyakasuwasun ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ya yi babban tasiri ga harkokin sufuri na ƙasashen duniya, sufuri daciniki.

Ya zuwa ƙarshen watan Agusta, ma'aunin jigilar kaya na kwantena na ƙasar Sin ya kai maki 3,079, wanda ya karu da kashi 240.1% a cikin wannan lokacin a shekarar 2020, kuma ya ninka mafi girman tarihi na maki 1,336 kafin zagayen ƙaruwar da ake yi a yanzu.

Wannan zagayen ƙarin farashi ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban. Kafin shekarar 2020, karuwar farashin kaya a kasuwar kwantena ta fi mayar da hankali ne a wasu hanyoyi da kuma wasu lokutan lokaci, amma wannan zagayen ya ƙaru gaba ɗaya. Yawan jigilar kaya na manyan hanyoyi kamar hanyar Turai, hanyar Amurka, hanyar Japan-Koriya ta Kudu, hanyar Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da hanyar Bahar Rum ya ƙaru da kashi 410.5 bi da bi idan aka kwatanta da ƙarshen shekarar 2019. %, 198.2%, 39.1%, 89.7% da 396.7%.

Yawan jigilar kaya "wanda ba a gani ba kafin" ya ƙaru

Dangane da karuwar da kasuwar jigilar kwantena ta duniya ke yi, Jia Dashan, mataimakiyar shugabar Cibiyar Binciken Sufurin Ruwa ta Ma'aikatar Sufuri, wacce ta shafe shekaru da dama tana gudanar da bincike a masana'antu, ta kuma yi kuka "ba a gani ba a da".

Jia Dashan ta ce daga mahangar buƙata, tattalin arzikin duniya ya ci gaba da murmurewa tun farkon wannan shekarar, kuma cinikin ƙasashen duniya ya sake dawowa cikin sauri. Idan aka kwatanta da wannan lokacin na 2019, buƙatar jigilar kwantena ta ƙaru da kusan kashi 6%. Yanayin da ake ciki a China ya fi kyau. Tun daga watan Yunin 2020, fitar da kayayyaki da cinikayyar ƙasashen waje ya sami ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

Daga mahangar wadata, ingancin aikin jiragen ruwa da annobar ta shafa ya ragu sosai. Kasashe sun kara yawan rigakafi da kuma shawo kan annobar da aka shigo da su daga kasashen waje a tashoshin jiragen ruwa, sun tsawaita lokacin da jiragen ruwa ke isa tashoshin jiragen ruwa, sannan sun rage ingancin jigilar kayayyaki na sarkar samar da kwantena. Matsakaicin lokacin da jiragen ruwa ke tsayawa a tashar jiragen ruwa ya karu da kimanin kwanaki 2, kuma jiragen ruwan da ke tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Arewacin Amurka sun zauna a tashar jiragen ruwa fiye da kwanaki 8. Raguwar jigilar kayayyaki ya karya daidaiton asali. Idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da daidaiton wadata da buƙata a shekarar 2019 ya ɗan yi yawa, akwai ƙarancinwadatana kimanin kashi 10%.

Ci gaba da karancin wadatattun ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa shi ma ya kara karancin. Yanayin annoba mai sarkakiya a manyan kasashen da ke aiki a teku kamar Philippines da Indiya, tare da sauya ma'aikata da kuma killace kansu, ya haifar da karuwar farashin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a kasuwar jiragen ruwa.

Saboda abubuwan da aka ambata a sama, dangantakar da ke tsakanin wadatar kasuwa da buƙata ta koma baya cikin sauri, kuma ƙimar jigilar kwantena ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa sosai.

Kididdiga daga Majalisar Ciniki da Ci Gaba ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kwastam da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na China sun nuna cewa tun kafin barkewar annobar zuwa watan Yulin wannan shekarar, sama da kashi 80% na yawan cinikin duniya an kammala shi ne ta hanyar teku, yayin da kaso na shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya daga kasar Sin ta hanyar teku ya fito ne daga annobar. Kashi 94.3% na baya ya karu zuwa kashi 94.8% na yanzu.

"A bisa ga binciken da ya dace, a cinikin kayan shigo da kaya da fitarwa na kasar Sin, kaso na kayayyakin da kamfanonin cikin gida ke kula da su ya kai kasa da kashi 30%. Wannan bangare na kamfanonin zai fuskanci tasirin sauyin farashi kai tsaye, yayin da a ka'ida, yawancin sauran kamfanoni ba su fuskanci tasirin sauyin farashin kaya ba." Jia Dashan ta yi nazari. A wata ma'anar, karuwar farashin da karuwar farashin kaya ta haifar za a fara mika shi kai tsaye ga masu siye na kasashen waje, kuma tasirin kai tsaye ga kamfanonin kasar Sin bai kai kololuwa ba.

Duk da haka, a matsayin wani muhimmin farashin kayayyaki, karuwar kudin jigilar kaya ba makawa zai yi babban tasiri ga kamfanonin kasar Sin, wanda galibi ya nuna raguwar ayyukan sufuri. Saboda raguwar jadawalin jigilar kaya da kuma karancin sararin samaniya, zagayawar cinikayyar kamfanonin sarrafa fitar da kaya na kasar Sin ba ta da matsala. Ko da an yi nasarar samar da oda, isar da kayayyaki zai shafi rashin kyawun sufuri, wanda zai shafi aiwatar da oda da kuma tsarin samar da kayayyaki na kamfanin.

"Ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni za su fi shafa." Jia Dashan ta yi imanin cewa saboda rashin garantin kwangila na dogon lokaci, ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni galibi suna neman ayyukan sufuri a kasuwar. Dangane da garantin iko da ƙarfin aiki, suna fuskantar ƙaruwar farashin kaya a yanzu. Matsalar "akwati yana da wahalar samu, kuma ɗakin kwana yana da wahalar samu". Bugu da ƙari, sassan kula da sufuri na tashar jiragen ruwa da na cikin gida za su ƙara ƙarin farashin rage kaya da adanawa saboda ƙaruwar farashin kaya da raguwar lokacin tashi.

Ƙara ƙarfin aiki yana da wuya a warke

A cewar bayanai daga cibiyoyin bincike na kasuwar jiragen ruwa, karfin jiragen ruwa na kwantena a duniya ya ragu zuwa kasa da kashi 1%. Banda jiragen da dole ne a gyara, kusan dukkan karfinsu an sanya su a kasuwa. Masu jiragen ruwa da yawa sun fara kara girman tsarin samar da karfin, amma nisan da ke tsakanin su ba zai iya biyan bukata ba. Masu jigilar kaya har yanzu suna ba da rahoton cewa karfin har yanzu yana da tsauri kuma yana da wuya a sami wani katafaren gida.

Zhu Pengzhou, memba na Kasuwar Jigilar Kaya ta Shanghai, ya ce ana kiran sarkar samar da kayayyaki sarka ne saboda babban iyakar karfin dukkan sarkar yawanci yana shafar tasirin gajeriyar hanya. Misali, raguwar ingancin tasha, karancin direbobin manyan motoci, da rashin saurin sauke kaya da dawo da kwantena a masana'antu duk suna haifar da cikas. Kamfanonin layin dogo kawai kara karfin jigilar jiragen ruwa ba zai iya inganta karfin jigilar kayayyaki gaba daya ba.

Jia Dashan ta yarda sosai. Dangane da buƙata, idan aka kwatanta da wannan lokacin a shekarar 2019, buƙatar jigilar kwantena ta ƙaru da kusan kashi 6%. Dangane da ƙarfin aiki, ƙarfin aiki ya ƙaru da kusan kashi 7.5% a cikin wannan lokacin. Ana iya ganin cewa rashin daidaito tsakanin wadata da buƙata ba ya faruwa ne saboda rashin isasshen ƙarfin aiki ba. Ƙarar da ba ta daidaita ba a cikin buƙatar jigilar kaya da annobar ta haifar, rashin isasshen tattarawa da rarrabawa, cunkoson tasoshin jiragen ruwa, da raguwar ingancin aikin jiragen ruwa su ne manyan dalilan.

Saboda haka, masu jiragen ruwa na yanzu har yanzu suna taka tsantsan game da saka hannun jari a ginin jiragen ruwa. Nan da watan Agusta na 2021, adadin ƙarfin oda a cikin jiragen da ake da su zai karu zuwa 21.3%, wanda ya yi ƙasa da matakin 60% a kololuwar jigilar kaya ta ƙarshe a 2007. Ko da an sanya waɗannan jiragen ruwa cikin aiki kafin 2024, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar girma na shekara-shekara na 3% da matsakaicin ƙimar wargazawa na shekara-shekara na 3%, dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙarfin aiki da girma ba za ta canza ba, kuma kasuwa za ta ci gaba da kiyaye babban ƙimar jigilar kaya.

Yaushe ne "neman ɗaki zai yi wahala"

Yawan hauhawar jigilar kaya ba wai kawai yana da illa ga kamfanonin kasuwanci ba, har ma zai kawo manyan haɗari da rashin tabbas ga kamfanonin jigilar kaya a cikin dogon lokaci.

Kamfanin jigilar kaya na kasa da kasa CMA CGM ya bayyana karara cewa daga watan Satumba na wannan shekarar zuwa Fabrairun 2022, zai dakatar da hauhawar farashin kaya a kasuwar jigilar kaya. Hapag-Lloyd ya kuma bayyana cewa ya dauki matakai don daskarar da karuwar farashin kaya.

"Ana sa ran ƙarshen shekarar 2021 zai haifar da canjin yanayin hauhawar farashin kaya a kasuwa, kuma ƙimar jigilar kaya za ta shiga cikin yanayin kiran waya a hankali. Tabbas, ba za a iya kawar da tasirin rashin tabbas na gaggawa ba." Zhang Yongfeng, babban mai ba da shawara na Cibiyar Binciken Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya ta Shanghai kuma darektan Cibiyar Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya Express.

"Ko da an dawo da dangantakar wadata da buƙata gaba ɗaya zuwa matakin 2019, saboda ƙaruwar farashin kayayyaki daban-daban, yana da wuya ƙimar jigilar kaya ta koma matakin 2016 zuwa 2019." in ji Jia Dashan.

Idan aka yi la'akari da yawan jigilar kaya a yanzu, masu jigilar kaya da yawa suna da sha'awar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi na dogon lokaci don daidaita farashin jigilar kaya, kuma yawan yarjejeniyoyin dogon lokaci a kasuwa yana ƙaruwa a hankali.

Sassan gwamnati suma suna aiki tukuru. An fahimci cewa Ma'aikatar Sufuri, Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da sauran sassan da suka dace sun aiwatar da manufofin tallatawa a fannoni da dama kamar faɗaɗa samar da kwantena, jagorantar kamfanonin layukan jiragen ruwa don faɗaɗa iya aiki, da inganta ingancin ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki don tabbatar da daidaiton sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta masana'antu ta duniya.